Geological Timeline

Timescale Key
ma = million years

Phanerozoic Eon
(543 ma to present day)
Cenozoic Era
(65 ma-today)

Quaternary (1.8 ma to today)
       Holocene
       (10,000 years to today)


       Pleistocene
       (1.8 ma to 10,000 yrs)

  • Less than 2,000 years ago: Recorded Human History.
  • Iron Age
  • Bronze Age
  • Possible major impact event leading to Great Flood?
  • 10,000 years ago : Modern Man.
  • Upper Paleolithic : Neolithic
    (End of late Stone Age).
  • Holocene Extinction ongoing event during the modern era. Includes plants and large mammals known as megafauna due to the last Ice Age and the proliferation of modern humans.
  • Pleistocene or Ice Age Extinction Event.
  • 12-17,000 yrs ago: End of Little Ice Age.
  • 100,000 yrs ago : Neanderthal Man
  • 300,000 yrs ago : Mesolithic
    (Middle Stone Age).
  • 400,000 yrs ago : Homo Sapiens.
  • 700,000 yrs ago: Homo Erectus.
  • 1,100,000 yrs ago: Worldwide Ice Age ends.
Tertiary (65 to 1.8 ma)
       Pliocene (5.3 to 1.8 ma)
       Miocene (23.8 to 5.3 ma)
       Oligocene (33.7-23.8 ma)
       Eocene (54.8 - 33.7 ma)
       Paleocene (65 - 54.8 ma)
  • Great Ice Age. 1/3 of all land covered by glaciations. Tertiary-Quaternary boundary.
  • Many smaller extinctions. Mainly a series of interglacial events. Sea levels and temperatures rise and fall. Tiny shell-bearing sea creatures lost.
  • 2.5 Ma Homo habilis
    (Paleolithic, Old Stone Age).
  • Early grazing animals including horse.
  • Early primates, cats, dogs, rabbits.
  • Small mammals : rats, mice, squirrels have changed from egg laying to viviparity (placental).
  • Alps form due to collision of the European and African tectonic plates.
Mesozoic Era
(248 to
65 ma)
Cretaceous (144 to 65 ma)

  • 65 Million Years : Dinosaurs became extinct, plus up to 50% of all other species.
  • Cretaceous-Paleogene Transition extinction event:
  • K-T Boundary Layer supports impact theory. Possibly by multiple impacts by disrupted Carbonaceous asteroid or comet broken up in the atmosphere. Possible event sites: Chicxulub Crater, centered on Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Silverpit Crater (North Sea area) UK. & Boltysh Crater, Ukraine.
  • Rocky Mountains form due to tectonic plate collision, and subduction of old seabed.
  • First modern Birds.
  • Primitive marsupial mammals like Kangaroos.
  • Age of Reptiles.
Jurassic (206 to 144 ma)
  • Minor Mass Extinctions linked to an oceanic anoxic event. Ammonoids affected.
  • Pangaea super continent separates.
  • Dinosaurs dominant
  • Early flowering plants.
  • Early birds and primitive mammals.
Triassic (248 to 206 ma)
  • Triassic-Jurassic Transition : Mass extinction : 20-35% lost. Most early dinosaur families, many marine invertebrates and mammal-like reptiles.
  • Fist dinosaurs and first egg-laying mammals.
  • First flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, (toothed birds).
  • Opening of the Atlantic due to tectonic plate movements.
  • Climate generally hot and dry forming red bed sandstones and evaporites.
  • Polar regions moist and temperate.
  • Adaptive radiation (after mass extinction): rapid evolution diversification of a few species to fill many ecological niches. By natural selection, adaptation or mutation.
Paleozoic Era
(543 to
248 ma)
Permian (290 to 248 ma)

  • P/Tr or Permian-Triassic extinction event. Largest Mass extinction : 95% of all marine life + 70% of land species lost.
  • Theory : Meteorite Impacts affected Earths core and mantle and triggered off Super Volcanism and subsequent Methane release from the oceans.
  • Theory : Oxygen removal from both land and sea. Plus Hydrogen Sulfide toxicity.
  • Theory : Rise and fall of gravity field.
  • Theory: Extinction period came in 3 waves.
  • Theory 1 : Meteorite Impact event in the super ocean Panthalassa or the East Antarctic Ice Sheet Crater (crater 300 miles wide), also crater at Bedout High seabed off Australia.
  • Theory 2: Super volcanism. Massive flood basalt eruptions over thousands of years : Siberian Traps.
  • Theory 3: Methane release over thousands of years from deep oceans after ocean temperatures rise by approx 5°C.
    Recorded changes to carbon isotopes.
  • Advanced conifers.
  • Reptiles, Dragonflies, Roaches, Beetles, Flies.
  • Mammal-like reptiles.
  • Fossils : Trilobites, mollusks, corals and brachiopods.
  • Final assembly of Pangaea.
  • Ice Age: Glaciers cover most of Gondwanaland.
Carboniferous (354 to 290 ma)
       Pennsylvanian
        (323 to 290 ma)

       Mississippian
       (354 to 323 ma)
  • Climate change : glacial periods to warm.
  • Early bark bearing trees including conifers
  • Formation of coal deposits.
  • Low sea levels, swamps and generally warm climate.
  • Age of Plants. Flowerless spore-forming plants and ferns.
  • Amphibians dominant : Large air breathing Insects and Amphibians inhabit Carboniferous swamps.
  • 36% Higher oxygen content in the atmosphere than today, allowing arthropods to grow larger
  • First Sharks and Reptiles.
  • Mississippian: Earth Tectonic Movements produced Supercontinent : Pangea.
Devonian (417 to 354 ma)
  • Devonian-Carboniferous Mass Extinction transition series (lasting over 20Ma) ~ 70% of species lost.
  • Devonian : Ammonites, marine animals, primitive air breathing fish evolved into the first tetrapods (amphibians).
  • First forests.
  • Terrestrial Arthropods: Includes Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans and others.
  • Age of Fish : Fossils Mainly marine animal life, jawed fish and invertebrates.
Silurian (443 to 417 ma)
  • Extinction event. Theories possibly caused by climate change, low sea levels due to glaciers, changes in ocean mixing and hyper salinity.
  • Primitive vascular land plants.
  • Moss forests, and first soils.
  • Multi-cellular relatives of modern spiders and millipedes.
  • Fish with jaws and air breathing animals.
  • Trilobites abundant then generally in decline.
  • Super continent : Gondwanaland.
Ordovician (490 to 443 ma)
  • Ordovician-Silurian Transition. 85% of species lost. Two extinction events during the Ordovician, devastates marine and reef building organisms, including some Trilobites.
    Possible explanation: onset of glaciation and interglacial periods. Sea levels rose and fell.
  • Early primitive jawless fish.
Cambrian (543 to 490 ma)
        Tommotian
(530-527 ma)
  • Extinction event : Marked fall in carbon-13 isotope. Theory: due to a reduction in bacteria, temporarily out-competed by new multicelluar biomass organisms.
  • Hard bodied shelly fauna: Arthropods known as Trilobites, and primitive reef-forming animals.
  • Invertebrates dominant; worms, jellyfish, trilobites.
  • Multi-celled life forms start to take hold.
    "ancient life"
Precambrian
(4,500 to 543 ma)
Proterozoic Era
(2500 to
543 ma)

Neoproterozoic (900 to 543 ma)
      Ediacaran (630 to 543 ma)
      Cryogenian (630-850ma)

      Tonian (850 to 1000 ma)

  • First great extinction event : 70% of all organic lost.
    Radiation of acritarchs
    (possibly due to major impact event).
  • Volcanic Activity released huge quantities of carbon dioxide and methane over 1,000+ years, Greenhouse effect ends Ice Age.
  • Severe Ice Age (Snowball Earth/Cryogenian Period), ice sheets extend to equator.
  • 750Ma Rhodinia super continent broke up.
  • Multi-cellular life, including earliest animals.
  • "visible life" Early shelled organisms.
Mesoproterozoic
(1600 to 900 ma)
  • Explosion of bio diversity.
  • Evolution of sexual reproduction.
  • Accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.
  • Formation of super continent : Rhodinia
  • 1.5Ma Columbia super continent broke up.
Paleoproterozoic
(2500 to 1600 ma)

Early Oxidizing Atmosphere
  • Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae & Stromatolytes giving off oxygen lead to evolution of Earths early primitive oxidizing atmosphere.
  • 2.5Ma Kenorland super continent broke up.
  • Oxygen Catastrophe : atmosphere becomes poisonous to anaerobic bacteria.
Archaean Era
(3800 to
2500 ma)

Archeozic


Reducing Atmosphere

  • "earlier life" earliest fossils : Stromatolytes start to produce oxygen as by product of early photosynthesis.
  • Anaerobic single celled micro-organisms: bacteria & viruses flourish in Earths early reducing atmosphere.
  • 2.8Ma super continent : Vaalbara broke up.

Hadean Era
(4600 to
3800 ma)

Azoic Time : No Atmosphere

Formation of the moon probably by giant impact. Largest hit Earth has ever suffered.

Planetary accretions during the formation of Solar System.
approx 4.6 to 3.8 Billion years ago.

  • Azoic Rocks, (no organic life forms).
  • 3.8 billion years : banded iron beds, Greenland.
  • No atmosphere.
  • Formation of Earths Crust.
  • Zircon crystals date from 4440 Ma.
  • Meteorite bombardment. Oldest meteorites found ~ 4.6 Billion Years Old.

Our Beautiful Earth
Geological Timescale

*Note the Hadean and Archaean Eras would
stretch down the page for many metres.

 

Free Printable Resource from www. totallydifferent.co.uk


Accuracy of timeline is open to individual interpretation. Use only after checking facts yourself.

Credit given to Wikipedia

Understanding Earth’s Geological Timescale: A Journey Through Millennia

The Geological Timescale: An Overview

The geological timescale serves as a chronological framework for understanding the history of the Earth and its life forms. The timescale is divided into several hierarchical units, including eons, eras, periods, and epochs, which help scientists categorize significant geological and biological events over vast expanses of time. The two largest divisions are eons: the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic, each of which encompasses immense durations of time, tracing the Earth’s development from its formation over 4.5 billion years ago to the current era.

Within these eons, eras provide a further breakdown. For instance, the Phanerozoic eon is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Each of these eras is characterized by distinct geological and evolutionary progressions, marking significant shifts such as extinctions and the emergence of new life forms. For example, the Mesozoic era is often referred to as the Age of Reptiles, highlighting the dominance of dinosaurs during this period.

Further dissecting these eras into periods and epochs allows for a more nuanced understanding of Earth’s history. A period such as the Jurassic can be broken down into epochs, providing finer detail on significant evolutionary milestones. This structured approach not only aids paleontologists and geologists in their studies but also illustrates the extensive span of geological timescales, emphasizing how recent events, including human civilization, represent mere fractions of Earth’s rich chronological tapestry.

A helpful analogy to grasp the enormity of geological timescales is to visualize time on a clock face. If Earth’s history were condensed into a single day, humans would occupy only the last few seconds before midnight, underscoring the minuscule nature of current geological events relative to the planet’s extensive history.

The Formation of Earth: A Cosmic Timeline

The story of Earth’s formation is a profound journey that spans approximately 4.5 billion years, beginning with the solar system’s inception around 4.6 billion years ago. Within this geological timescale, the gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud led to the aggregation of dust and gas, forming a protostar. As the protostar ignited, the surrounding matter coalesced through a process known as accretion, which played a pivotal role in crafting our planet.

Initially, the young Earth was a molten mass due to the immense energy produced from colliding particles and the decay of radioactive isotopes. As the planet gradually cooled, a solid crust began forming, marking a crucial milestone in the geological timescale of Earth. This phase facilitated the development of features such as landforms and the segregation of elements based on their densities, giving rise to the core, mantle, and crust—each possessing distinct geological characteristics.

One of the most significant events in Earth’s early history occurred when a Mars-sized body, known as Theia, collided with the young planet. This cataclysmic event not only contributed to the accretion process but also resulted in the ejection of debris that eventually coalesced to form the Moon. The Earth-Moon system stabilized over time, profoundly influencing tidal patterns and the planet’s rotation.

In the following million years, water vapor trapped in Earth’s atmosphere began to condense, leading to the creation of the first oceans. These bodies of water are vital to understanding the evolutionary timescale as they provided a diverse array of environments, setting the stage for life to emerge. This emergence would take place in subsequent geological epochs, ultimately leading to the rich biodiversity we observe today. Such complex interactions underscore the delicate interplay of physical and chemical processes that have shaped Earth over eons.

Evolution of the Atmosphere and Landmasses

The evolution of Earth’s atmosphere and landmasses has been significantly influenced by geological processes over extensive timescales. Initially, during the Hadean and Archean eons, volcanic activity played a crucial role in shaping the primordial atmosphere. Gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen were expelled from the Earth’s interior, forming a thick and inhospitable envelope surrounding the planet. The early atmosphere was devoid of free oxygen, creating conditions unfavourable for most modern life forms.

As Earth’s surface cooled, liquid water began to accumulate, leading to the formation of oceans. This marked a transition in the evolutionary path of our planet. The emergence of photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, was pivotal in producing oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. Over millions of years, these microorganisms contributed to the gradual accumulation of atmospheric oxygen. This increase in oxygen levels transformed the composition of the atmosphere and paved the way for complex life forms to develop. The Great Oxidation Event, occurring approximately 2.4 billion years ago, significantly altered the chemical balance of the atmosphere, making it more conducive to life.

The geological evolution of landmasses is closely linked to the theory of plate tectonics. This process, which describes the movement of the Earth’s lithospheric plates, has been responsible for the formation and fragmentation of continents over geological timescales. As plates shift and collide, mountain ranges rise, and oceanic basins are created, continuously reshaping the Earth’s surface. The interaction between geological and biological processes exemplifies a dynamic relationship, where the development of landmasses influences climate and ecosystems, and, in turn, biological evolution impacts the Earth’s geological features. Understanding this intricate interplay enriches our knowledge of Earth’s history.

The Cycle of Life: Evolution Through Geological Time

Earth’s history is an intricate tapestry woven over billions of years, characterized by a series of evolutionary milestones and significant extinction events that have shaped the diversity of life we observe today. This ongoing process, viewed through the lens of the geological timescale, reveals how life has adapted and transformed in response to changes in the environment. One of the most profound events in this evolutionary narrative is the Cambrian explosion, which occurred around 541 million years ago. This period marked a dramatic increase in the diversity of organisms and the development of complex life forms, setting the foundation for future evolutionary paths.

As we progress through geological times, the age of the dinosaurs emerges as a significant chapter, occurring primarily during the Mesozoic Era, approximately 252 to 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs thrived in various ecosystems, displaying an incredible range of forms and adaptations. Their reign came to a cataclysmic end due to a combination of environmental shifts and a mass extinction event, paving the way for the rise of mammals. This transition highlights the cyclical nature of life on Earth, where extinction often clears the path for new forms of existence.

The subsequent age of mammals provided the necessary conditions for the emergence of primates, leading eventually to the rise of Homo sapiens. As mammals evolved, they occupied various niches and began to exhibit increasingly complex behaviors, which laid the groundwork for societal structures and cultural development. It is within these vast geological timescales that we observe the slow yet continuous nature of evolutionary changes, revealing how life on Earth is not a static entity but rather a dynamic process shaped by countless influences, both biological and environmental.

Through this lens, we recognize the profound interplay between geological events and biological evolution, understanding that each era brought new challenges and opportunities that spurred the diversification of life. As we reflect on this remarkable journey, it becomes evident that the earth’s evolutionary history is one of resilience and adaptation in an ever-changing world.

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We at Totally Different Gifts are totally in awe of Mother Earth – Gaia – we love her dearly 

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